The invention of nature pdf download

Goodenough, J. Electrochemical cell with new fast ion conductors. Harris, W. Electrochemical studies in cyclic esters. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley Yoshino, A. Non-aqueous secondary battery. Japanese patent 1,, Ikeda, H. Rechargeable lithium battery. Armand, M. French patent 7,, Basu, S. Rechargeable battery. Yazami, R. The research findings no doubt have validated the synerginous relationship between communication approach and efficient organizational performance.

In this cited in Eunju Phd This type of communication, in business world, nothing can be achieved without effectively turn, includes activities of sending and receiving message communicating with employers, employees, clients, through various layers of authority, using various message suppliers, and customers. If you look at the most successful systems, and discussing various topics of interest to the business people in the world, you will see people who have group we belong to or the company we work for.

Organizational communication research has mainly been Business all over the world today is very challenging.

To conducted both in the business management field and in the stay profitable in the highly challenging and competitive communication field; however, researchers in the public global market economy all factors at production i. Among organizational communication and its roles and effects. Communication organizational communication plays an important role in influence on the perception and opinions about persons, this challenge.

Communication has crucial impacts or among work groups As a managerial tool, communication is frequently expected in that organizational communication is a channel to flow to share information with members, to coordinate activities, information, resources, and even policies. Eunju with one another in the context of an organization Phd, Just transferring of a message to another party so that it can be like blood stream in people, communication represents the understood and acted upon Ode, Communication skills are important in all which link people to the languages and symbolic ……… human endavours, including business.

Even though which are used to transmit such messages. It is also the communication skills are so important to success in the means by which such messages are received and stored. They may sometimes struggle to convey their thoughts and ideals in an In its simplest form, however, communication is the accurate manner, making it difficult to reach their full transmission of a message from a source to a receiver… or potential as a communicator, a manager, and a leader of the process of creating shared meaning Baran, It has been shown that there exists various definitions for communication, as there are different disciplines.

While 2. For Communication has been widely accepted by scholars and example, communication system may incorporate academies as the life hood of an organization because computers, as well as less soplusticated reproducing devices communication is needed for exchanging information, such as photocopiers.

A photocopier may see exchanging opinions, making plans and proposals, reaching communication as meaning different thing from the way a agreement, executing decisions, sending and fulfilling marketer preconceives it.

Similarly, a gospel preacher may orders and conducting sales Blalock, ; Alyssa, ; think communication is something, which is of course Rotler, ; amongst others. When communication stops, different from what a journalist thinks it is. So, agreed upon by scholars. Psychologists, sociologists, organization in an organization is an virtual as the blood of medical practioners, philosophies and communication life.

This definition, from a book written by a between a sender source and a receiver destination so journalist, seems reasonable for those in that field. So, there that it is received, understood and leads to action Obamiro, are definitions of communication as there are various Communication is made up of activities of under related 2.

The fact is that the word communication is linking the three hierarchical levels management, union and encompassing, ambiguous and pervasive. These three words staff together in order to enhance productivity. The two capture the universal nature of communication and make major types of communication channel within an everyone think they know something about communication.

They follow the established chain of command or line of authority. Formal information because we can communicate. We relate with friends, can be transmitted internally or externally.

Without 1. Internal Communication communication, this will not be possible. It opportunity to transact business and engage in trade. It is divided into three broad parts. We also negotiate the a. Horizontal Communication: This is also called lateral prices, mode of delivery etc through communication.

It is the transmission of message along the same lateral or similar level in an organization. This express freely our ideas, opinions and feelings or issues occurs between team members, between different teams affecting us. We also share knowledge as we engage in and employees on the same or similar level. The use of discussion and write books.

In classroom situation a horizontal communication is on the increase because of teacher is able to impart knowledge into students the interactive electronic communication technologies through communication. Communication helps establish leaning communities and virtual teams of to mobilize people to work together for their social and employees who work together even different locations. Vertical Communication: Vertical communication is an organization communication that involves two exchange of cultural and values.

Quasi-Vertical Communication: it is the type of b. Principle of Possession of competent communication pattern of communication in which organized body of skills: The communicator and the receiver should be employees called labour union intermediates between quite competent and efficient in terms of management and employees.

Possession of the required communication 2. External Communication skills is crucial, so that the task of communication, in External communication has to do with disseminating terms of transmission and reception, may be performed information and interaction with the immediate by them effectively. Principle of Sharing and Interaction: Since creditors, etc.

The effectiveness of this depends on how communication is a two way process, its success lies in perfectly internal communication is handled. It is mostly used when there are gaps in or barriers to formal communication d. Principle of Suitability of the Communication which disturb the employees from getting the information Contents: The content of what is to be communicated they require or desire. A reference identified as popular is coloured in red, and self-citations are shown by dashed lines with corresponding subsequent work coloured in light brown.

Five definitions of disruption are provided for comparison. D 0 is the definition of disruption used in the main text. D 1 is defined the same way as D 0 , but with self-citations excluded. D 2 is defined the same way as D 0 , but only considers popular references.

D 4 is similar to D 3 , but considers the number of citations and not papers cited in calculating the fraction for example, if a single referenced paper is cited five times, then it receives a count of five rather than one in this measure. As a consequence, some—but not all—disruption measure variants change.

D 0 and D 1 are indexed by the right y axis and other disruption measures are indexed by the left y axis. One hundred thousand randomly selected WOS papers 97, papers remained after excluding missing data are used to calculate these disruption values.

Empirical data blue rectangles are consistent with this prediction red curve. To control the time window, we include only references published in The empirical data green triangles are consistent with this prediction red curve. We selected 95, papers with — citations from to , and plot the probability of being cited against article age.

Longer delays in citation are observed in smaller a and more disrupting b teams. In b , purple 37, papers , blue 4, papers and green 26, papers curves correspond to 0—10, 55—65 and 90— percentiles of disruption, respectively. In both panels, curves are smoothed by a running average with a time window of five years. The coloured area shows one standard deviation of these averages. The index is highest when a paper is not cited for some substantial period before receiving its maximum which corresponds to belated appreciation , zero if the paper is cited linearly in the years following publication, and negative if citations chart a concave function with time which traces early fame diminishing thereafter.

We observe that the Sleeping Beauty index percentile decreases markedly with team size c and increases with disruption d across fields. The same pattern is observed when all 22,, papers from to are used f. Arrows trace the distance between the mean of future citation success g or failure f from developing to disrupting work produced by teams of each specified size.

The distributions skew towards large teams over time. The red curve shows the average fraction of citations from large teams and the pink area spans one standard deviation. The selected 2, small-team articles are eventually cited by , large-team articles. We calculate the pairwise combinational novelty of journals in the references of an article using a previously published novelty measure This novelty measure is computed as the tenth percentile value of z -scores for the likelihood that reference sources combine, so a lower value of this index indicates higher novelty Here we convert this measure to percentiles and subtract from to improve readability, such that a higher score indicates greater novelty.

It seems natural that a larger team would provide access to a wider span of literature. We find that novelty does increase with team size, but with diminishing marginal increases to novelty with each additional team member. Beyond a team size of ten, novelty decreases sharply a. The dotted line shows the null model that the probability of high novelty is invariant to team size b. Similar to the novelty measure used in a and b , in the Jaccard index a lower value indicates higher novelty; we therefore convert it into percentiles and subtract from such that a higher score indicates greater novelty.

Again, we observe diminishing marginal increases to novelty with the growth of team size. The diminishing marginal increases to novelty effect are also observed in this context. Disruption percentile versus team size for WOS papers either not annotated as funded, or as funded by the largest government agencies around the world. These papers are published across 7, journals, and a paper may be funded by multiple agencies. We select 5,, papers without any funding annotations from the same 7, journals and same time period — as a control group dashed curve.

The dashed grey line shows the mean disruption percentile for the control group. The green and red zones mark two regions of interest: small-team three or fewer members disruptive positive disruption papers in green and large-team developing work in red.

The probability of observing small-team disruptive papers in NSF granted papers is almost half that of observing them in the control group. We select 3,, papers from the same journals and same time period — as a control group dashed curve. The average disruption of the Nobel-prize-winning papers is 0. This file contains Supplementary Information Sections , including Supplementary Tables and additional references.

Reprints and Permissions. Wu, L. Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology. Nature , — Download citation. Received : 20 April Accepted : 07 January Published : 13 February Issue Date : 21 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Click on the red P icon to the left of the subclass number. You will be taken to a list of all U.

Patents in that classification code, which is most likely several thousand patents long. The most recent patents will appear at the top of the page. Explore all of the patents to ensure that your invention is not already patented or otherwise disclosed in the references cited in the patents. You can view a patent by clicking on the patent number located to the left of the patent title. If issued after , you can view the full text online.

If issued before , you will have to view the patent with a TIFF viewer. Examine the drawings and claims sections of each patent to quickly pick out similarities or differences between your invention and another. Write down the references that other patents cite to direct you to similar patents and related inventions. Perform a keyword search if you are having difficulty finding an appropriate subclass.

Click on the patent number to view the full text. Part 3. Decide whether you wish to file a provisional or a non-provisional patent application. The provisional application is associated with relatively inexpensive filing fees but serves merely to "hold your place in line" at the patent office for up to one year.

If you do not file a non-provisional application within that year, referencing your provisional application, all your rights to your provisional application will be abandoned.

Provisional applications do require a cover sheet and a filing fee. After a provisional application is filed, the inventor is allowed up to 12 months to file a non-provisional application that references one or more provisional applications.

If the non-provisional application is approved, the invention is entitled to the inventor ship priority of the filing date of the provisional applications that disclose the claimed invention.

Provisional applications do not require claims or an oath or declaration. They simply allow the title "patent pending" to be associated with your invention. Provisional applications cannot be filed for design patent applications, however. The value of a provisional application is the ability to extend your ownership of the invention you disclose in the application prior to filing for an actual patent.

A complete disclosure is required in your provisional application, if you want to later prove what you knew at the time. Nothing prevents you from filing additional provisional applications during the year, if you discover valuable improvements along the way. You can only claim the "benefit" in a non-provisional for those provisional applications that have not yet expired at the time of filing the non-provisional applications that reference them.

You may find informal discussions about getting a "provisional patent", but that is a misnomer. A provisional application for a patent is not examined for patentability and does not become a patent with any enforceable rights. It is a "provisional application", not a "provisional patent". Employ a registered patent attorney or agent. A registered patent attorney has proven a thorough knowledge of patent law and can ensure that you complete the patent application correctly.

Alternately, prepare your patent application yourself. The patent application process is rather extensive and expensive. Applications require six parts: Application transmittal form. Fee transmittal form. Issue and maintenance fees will also be applied if your patent application is approved. Application data sheet. A written document that outlines the invention description and claims. This document must claim the subject matter which the applicant regards as the invention. You may make several claims in this document as long as they are different from or build upon a previous claim.

Include the names of all inventors associated with the specific invention and their addresses and the official name of the invention. The specification should include the following sections in the following order: Title of the invention provided on a cover sheet. List of cross references to related patented inventions if applicable. Disclosure of federally sponsored research and development if applicable.

Names of other inventors or members of a joint research agreement. Background of the invention, including the origin of the idea. Short abstract of the invention. Short description of any drawings or diagrams provided. Detailed description of the invention. One or more claims to the specific invention. Abstract of the disclosure.

Sequence listing if applicable. Drawings, showing the elements of the invention that you are claiming. Executed oath or declaration. This is an oath or declaration that the product was your original invention. An oath must be certified before a notary public or other officer authorized to administer oaths. A statutory "declaration" may be used in lieu of an oath and need not be certified by a third party.

It relies upon the fact that making a false declaration would be a felony. Note that, as a rule, the specification and drawings cannot be amended to add new matter during the prosecution of the application. Claims may be amended, but only within the scope of what was disclosed in the original application and any cited provisional applications.

It is not unusual for an examiner to request amendment of a title or abstract for clarity. Make sure your documents are in the specified dimensions and written in English. You can use any standard word processing program such as Microsoft Word, and the documents can be in.

If you need to scan drawings or diagrams, they must be in PDF form. All documents must be one and a half or double spaced.